109 research outputs found
The Design of Artificial Metacarpophalangeal Joints
Artificial finger joints have been developed for the past 30 years, and a number of these prostheses has been applied in medical practice
RenewNAT: Renewing Potential Translation for Non-Autoregressive Transformer
Non-autoregressive neural machine translation (NAT) models are proposed to
accelerate the inference process while maintaining relatively high performance.
However, existing NAT models are difficult to achieve the desired
efficiency-quality trade-off. For one thing, fully NAT models with efficient
inference perform inferior to their autoregressive counterparts. For another,
iterative NAT models can, though, achieve comparable performance while
diminishing the advantage of speed. In this paper, we propose RenewNAT, a
flexible framework with high efficiency and effectiveness, to incorporate the
merits of fully and iterative NAT models. RenewNAT first generates the
potential translation results and then renews them in a single pass. It can
achieve significant performance improvements at the same expense as traditional
NAT models (without introducing additional model parameters and decoding
latency). Experimental results on various translation benchmarks (e.g.,
\textbf{4} WMT) show that our framework consistently improves the performance
of strong fully NAT methods (e.g., GLAT and DSLP) without additional speed
overhead.Comment: Accepted by AAAI2
A Survey on Non-Autoregressive Generation for Neural Machine Translation and Beyond
Non-autoregressive (NAR) generation, which is first proposed in neural
machine translation (NMT) to speed up inference, has attracted much attention
in both machine learning and natural language processing communities. While NAR
generation can significantly accelerate inference speed for machine
translation, the speedup comes at the cost of sacrificed translation accuracy
compared to its counterpart, auto-regressive (AR) generation. In recent years,
many new models and algorithms have been designed/proposed to bridge the
accuracy gap between NAR generation and AR generation. In this paper, we
conduct a systematic survey with comparisons and discussions of various
non-autoregressive translation (NAT) models from different aspects.
Specifically, we categorize the efforts of NAT into several groups, including
data manipulation, modeling methods, training criterion, decoding algorithms,
and the benefit from pre-trained models. Furthermore, we briefly review other
applications of NAR models beyond machine translation, such as dialogue
generation, text summarization, grammar error correction, semantic parsing,
speech synthesis, and automatic speech recognition. In addition, we also
discuss potential directions for future exploration, including releasing the
dependency of KD, dynamic length prediction, pre-training for NAR, and wider
applications, etc. We hope this survey can help researchers capture the latest
progress in NAR generation, inspire the design of advanced NAR models and
algorithms, and enable industry practitioners to choose appropriate solutions
for their applications. The web page of this survey is at
\url{https://github.com/LitterBrother-Xiao/Overview-of-Non-autoregressive-Applications}.Comment: 25 pages, 11 figures, 4 table
Multiband effects in thermoelectric and electrical transport properties of kagome superconductors VSb ( = K, Rb, Cs)
We studied the effects of multiband electronic structure on the
thermoelectric and electrical transport properties in the normal state of
kagome superconductors VSb ( = K, Rb, Cs). In all three members,
the multiband nature is manifested by sign changes in the temperature
dependence of the Seebeck and Hall resistivity, together with sublinear
response of the isothermal Nernst and Hall effects to external magnetic fields
in the charge ordered state. Moreover, ambipolar transport effects appear
ubiquitously in all three systems, giving rise to sizable Nernst signal.
Finally, possible origins of the sign reversal in the temperature dependence of
the Hall effect are discussed.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figures. To appear in New Journal of Physic
Charge fluctuations above revealed by glasslike thermal transport in kagome metals VSb ( = K, Rb, Cs)
We present heat capacity, electrical and thermal transport measurements of
kagome metals VSb ( = K, Rb, Cs). In all three compounds,
development of short-range charge fluctuations above the charge density wave
(CDW) transition temperature strongly scatters phonons via
electron-phonon coupling, leading to glasslike phonon heat transport, i.e.,
phonon thermal conductivity decreases weakly upon cooling. Once the long-range
charge order sets in below , short-range charge fluctuations
are quenched, and the typical Umklapp scattering dominated phonon heat
transport is recovered. The charge-fluctuations-induced glasslike phonon
thermal conductivity implies sizable electron-phonon coupling in
VSb.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure
Combined treatment for at-risk drinking and smoking cessation among Puerto Ricans: A randomized clinical trial
Tobacco and alcohol use are linked behaviors that individually and synergistically increase the risk for negative health consequences. This study was a two-group, randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy of a behavioral intervention, “Motivation And Problem Solving Plus” (MAPS+), designed to concurrently address smoking cessation and the reduction of at-risk drinking. Targeted interventions may promote coaction, the likelihood that changing one behavior (smoking) increases the probability of changing another behavior (alcohol use). Puerto Ricans (N=202) who were smokers and at-risk drinkers were randomized to standard MAPS treatment focused exclusively on smoking cessation (S-MAPS), or MAPS+, focused on cessation and at-risk drinking reduction. Drinking outcomes included: number of at-risk drinking behaviors, heavy drinking, binge drinking, and drinking and driving. MAPS+ did not have a significant main effect on reducing at-risk drinking relative to S-MAPS. Among individuals who quit smoking, MAPS+ reduced the number of drinking behaviors, the likelihood of meeting criteria for heavy drinking relative to S-MAPS, and appeared promising for reducing binge drinking. MAPS+ did not improve drinking outcomes among individuals who were unsuccessful at quitting smoking. MAPS+ showed promise in reducing at-risk drinking among Puerto Rican smokers who successfully quit smoking, consistent with treatment enhanced coaction. Integrating an alcohol intervention into cessation treatment did not reduce engagement in treatment, or hinder cessation outcomes, and positively impacted at-risk drinking among individuals who quit smoking. Findings of coaction between smoking and drinking speak to the promise of multiple health behavior change interventions for substance use treatment and chronic disease prevention
Phase 2 study of buparlisib (BKM120), a pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer
Treatment options for triple-negative breast cancer remain limited. Activation of the PI3K pathway via loss of PTEN and/or INPP4B is common. Buparlisib is an orally bioavailable, pan-class I PI3K inhibitor. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of buparlisib in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. This was a single-arm phase 2 study enrolling patients with triple-negative metastatic breast cancer. Patients were treated with buparlisib at a starting dose of 100 mg daily. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit, defined as confirmed complete response (CR), partial response (PR), or stable disease (SD) for ≥ 4 months, per RECIST 1.1. Secondary endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. A subset of patients underwent pre- and on-treatment tumor tissue biopsies for correlative studies. Fifty patients were enrolled. Median number of cycles was 2 (range 1-10). The clinical benefit rate was 12% (6 patients, all SD ≥ 4 months). Median PFS was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-2.3). Median OS was 11.2 months (95% CI 6.2-25). The most frequent adverse events were fatigue (58% all grades, 8% grade 3), nausea (34% all grades, none grade 3), hyperglycemia (34% all grades, 4% grade 3), and anorexia (30% all grades, 2% grade 3). Eighteen percent of patients experienced depression (12% grade 1, 6% grade 2) and anxiety (10% grade 1, 8% grade 2). Alterations in PIK3CA / AKT1 / PTEN were present in 6/27 patients with available targeted DNA sequencing (MSK-IMPACT), 3 of whom achieved SD as best overall response though none with clinical benefit ≥ 4 months. Of five patients with paired baseline and on-treatment biopsies, reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) analysis demonstrated reduction of S6 phosphorylation in 2 of 3 patients who achieved SD, and in none of the patients with progressive disease. Buparlisib was associated with prolonged SD in a very small subset of patients with triple-negative breast cancer; however, no confirmed objective responses were observed. Downmodulation of key nodes in the PI3K pathway was observed in patients who achieved SD. PI3K pathway inhibition alone may be insufficient as a therapeutic strategy for triple-negative breast cancer. Registered on 13 February 2013; . Registered on 27 June 2012
Real-time tracking and in vivo visualization of β-galactosidase activity in colorectal tumor with a ratiometric near-infrared fluorescent probe
Development of “smart”
noninvasive bioimaging probes
for trapping specific enzyme activities is highly desirable for cancer
therapy in vivo. Given that β-galactosidase (β-gal) is
an important biomarker for cell senescence and primary ovarian cancers,
we design an enzyme-activatable ratiometric near-infrared (NIR) probe
(DCM-βgal) for the real-time fluorescent quantification and
trapping of β-gal activity in vivo and in situ. DCM-βgal
manifests significantly ratiometric and turn-on NIR fluorescent signals
simultaneously in response to β-gal concentration, which makes
it favorable for monitoring dynamic β-gal activity in vivo with
self-calibration in fluorescent mode. We exemplify DCM-βgal
for the ratiometric tracking of endogenously overexpressed β-gal
distribution in living 293T cells via the <i>lacZ</i> gene
transfection method and OVCAR-3 cells, and further realize real-time
in vivo bioimaging of β-gal activity in colorectal tumor-bearing
nude mice. Advantages of our system include light-up ratiometric NIR
fluorescence with large Stokes shift, high photostability, and pH
independency under the physiological range, allowing for the in vivo
real-time evaluation of β-gal activity at the tumor site with
high-resolution three-dimensional bioimaging for the first time. Our
work provides a potential tool for in vivo real-time tracking enzyme
activity in preclinical applications
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